NH Supreme Ct: PAS Harms Kids; F & F Helps Introduce GA Child Custody Bill
NH Supreme Court: Parental Alienation 'Inimical to Children’s Welfare'
“Across the country, the great weight of authority holds that conduct by one parent that tends to alienate the child’s affections from the other is so inimical to the child’s welfare as to be grounds for a denial of custody to, or a change of custody from, the parent guilty of such conduct.”--New Hampshire Supreme Court, in a new ruling
James Miller and Janet Todd had two daughters...a New Hampshire court awarded joint custody, with Ms. Todd as primary custodian and Mr. Miller with visitation rights.
Todd began a long series of allegations of child sexual abuse against Miller. Each and every claim was investigated; each and every claim was determined to be unfounded. As part of the investigations, the girls were subjected to invasive pelvic examinations at least twice each.
False though the allegations were, they served a purpose; they caused the New Hampshire family court to suspend Miller’s parenting time with his children throughout the course of the proceedings. This meant that, for over two years, he had no contact with his daughters and they none with him...
This case is excellent, not only because of its result, but mostly because of its sound analysis. It should serve as a template for courts not only here in the U.S. but in other countries as well.
It comes to us from the Supreme Court of New Hampshire and analyzes a situation in which false allegations of child sexual abuse were used by a mother to deprive a father of contact with his children. It’s a familiar pattern of facts and altogether too rare an outcome.
In 1999, James Miller met Janet Todd online. They developed a relationship and, although they never married, had two daughters. Laurel was born in 2002 and Lindsey in 2003. Ultimately, a New Hampshire court awarded joint custody with Todd as primary custodian and Miller with visitation rights.
But early on, Todd’s mother claimed she had seen Miller sexually abusing Laurel. Thus began a long series of allegations of child sexual abuse against Miller. They were still going on as late as March, 2009, some five years after the first one.
Each and every claim was investigated; each and every claim was determined to be unfounded. As part of the investigations, the girls were subjected to invasive pelvic examinations at least twice each.
False though the allegations were, they served a purpose; they caused the New Hampshire family court to suspend Miller’s parenting time with his children throughout the course of the proceedings. That meant that, for over two years, he had no contact with his daughters and they none with him.
Eventually, in July, 2006, the court ordered psychologist Dr. Peggie Ward to thoroughly examine Miller, Todd, the girls and the family situation to determine issues of custody, alienation, sexual abuse, etc. It took Ward 17 months to produce her 88-page report which the court found to be “extraordinarily thorough.”
What Ward concluded was that there was no reliable evidence of sexual abuse by Miller. She also concluded that Todd had probably not set out to deliberately alienate the girls from their father; that probably originated with Todd’s mother. The problem stemmed not only from the various claims of abuse, but from Todd’s almost total inability to accurately process everyday occurrences.
[p]sychological testing shows that Ms. Todd has a “serious
impairment in her ability to accurately process the information she takes in from her surroundings and the degree of misperception she demonstrates has major implications for her adaptive functioning. Ms. Todd’s level of distortion is substantial and predisposes her to misunderstanding and misconstruing intentions, motivations and actions of other people. This places her at great risk for faulty judgment, for errors in decision-making, and for behaving in ways that are based on inaccurate information. These data indicate that Ms. Todd will not only fail to recognize or foresee the consequences of her actions at times, but that she will also become confused at times in separating fantasy from reality.”
In other words, Todd was unable to sort out false allegations from real ones. Into the bargain, Todd failed to protect her daughters from her own feelings and fears about what she thought may be happening, thereby perpetuating the girls’ own confusion about the nature of what daddy had or had not done.
So, given years of false allegations against Miller and the manifest inability by Todd to (a) distinguish fantasy from reality and (b) promote a healthy relationship between Miller and his daughters, the trial court did what so many of them do; it gave custody to the children’s mother.
That violated New Hampshire law which requires parents to promote positive relationships between the opposite parent and the children. It also ignored the rather startling fact that Todd’s emotional problems posed obvious risks for any child in her care.
So why did the court give her custody? Because the kids had been with her for several years during which time they’d had no contact with Miller. They’d developed friendships at school and so, according to the court, their “best interests” required them to see little or nothing of their father, depending on the decisions of their clearly unbalanced mother. If that makes sense to you, please explain it to me.
The New Hampshire Supreme Court squashed that one like a bug. Its opinion grasps what so many courts do not - that continuing, deep and rich relationships with both parents are in the child’s best interests. The mother’s obstruction of such relationships between the children and the father is per se not in their best interests.
Why that should be so difficult to understand is beyond me. The statutes of New Hampshire make it clear as do the statutes and courts of other jurisdictions. The court said:
“Across the country, the great weight of authority holds that conduct by one parent that tends to alienate the child’s affections from the other is so inimical to the child’s welfare as to be grounds for a denial of custody to, or a change of custody from, the parent guilty of such conduct.”
And yet time and again, courts ignore statute and case law and look only at the fact that the child has been separate from the father for a certain period of time. They then conclude that the he cannot have future contact or that it must be limited, without ever noticing how his lack of contact came about.
The New Hampshire court specifically objected to the concept that Todd had “benefitted from her own misbehavior.” That’s a concept I’ve waited many years to hear a court articulate. For as long as I’ve been a student and advocate of fathers’ rights, I’ve been astonished at courts’ willingness to ignore mothers’ wrongdoing in order to grant them custody. That happens as a matter of routine in adoption cases.
What Miller v. Todd does is to show that the requirement on the part of each parent to promote the child’s relationship with the other parent is necessary and beneficial to the child. It also shows that courts will not reward the alienating behavior of parents.
And that, in a nutshell, is how courts should rule in these cases. They should make it clear that false allegations of abuse are not acceptable and that they will not be used to benefit the alienating parent.
It’s a simple concept that more courts need to grasp.
THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
___________________________
Portsmouth Family Division
No. 2009-806
IN THE MATTER OF JAMES J. MILLER AND JANET S. TODD
Argued: November 17, 2010
Opinion Issued: March 31, 2011
Law Office of Joshua L. Gordon, of Concord (Joshua L. Gordon on the
brief and orally), for the petitioner.
John P. Carr, of Hingham, Massachusetts, and Elizabeth B. Olcott, of
Concord, on the brief, and Mr. Carr orally, for the respondent.
HICKS, J. The petitioner, James J. Miller, currently a resident of New
York, appeals an order of the Portsmouth Family Division (DeVries, J.),
recommended by the Master (Cross, M.), requiring the parties’ two minor
daughters to continue to live primarily with the respondent, Janet S. Todd, in
New Hampshire. We vacate and remand.
We have reviewed the extensive record in this case and set forth the facts
most relevant to the issues on appeal. Miller and Todd met in 1999 over the
internet and established a relationship. At that time, Miller lived in Michigan
and Todd lived in New Hampshire. Although they never married, their
relationship produced two daughters, Laurel born in 2002 and Lindsay born in
2003. During 2002 and 2003, the parties spent some time living together in
Michigan, Todd and the children spent some time alone in New Hampshire living with Todd’s parents, and the parties all spent some time together at
Todd’s parents’ house in New Hampshire. Toward the end of 2003, the parties’ relationship broke down. On December 23, 2003, Miller obtained an ex parte order in the circuit court in Michigan granting him sole temporary legal and physical custody of his
daughters. That same day, Todd took the children to her parents’ home in
Hampton, New Hampshire. On January 6, 2004, Todd was served with the
Michigan custody order. On January 15, the Rockingham County Superior
Court, in response to Miller’s petition for enforcement of the Michigan custody
decree, ordered Todd to appear at a hearing and on January 26, the trial court
ordered Todd to bring the children to Miller within twenty-four hours for the
purpose of transferring custody to him. Sometime in January, Todd’s mother told her that, four months earlier, she saw Miller molest Laurel by inserting his forefinger into her. On January 27, on the advice of her attorney, Todd took the children to the emergency
department at Exeter Hospital and requested a “well baby check.” The
physician’s report states: “[P]atient here for well child check-up; told by Lawyer
to have evaluated for custody issue.” There is no evidence in the record that
Todd notified the hospital staff of any concerns regarding sexual abuse. The
physical exam indicated the children’s condition was good. Todd then transferred the children to Miller’s custody. On February 5, 2004, a report was filed with the Family Independence Agency of Michigan, Child Protective Services, alleging that
maternal grandparents recalled an incident that occurred in New Hampshire between 10/03/03 and 10/05/03 when father was rubbing diaper cream on Laurel because she had a diaper rash. Maternal grandmother states she did not have [a] diaper rash.
Maternal grandmother stated father inserted his fore-finger inside of Laurel. This was never reported to anyone. The agency investigated the report, including having pelvic examinations of both children administered. No indications of sexual abuse of either
child were found and the investigation was closed. In November 2004, the Rockingham County Superior Court issued a temporary decree awarding the parties joint legal custody of the children. In that order, the trial court questioned the credibility of both parties. Regarding Todd, the court found “most troubling” the allegations of sexual abuse raised by her. As the court stated, “It is simply far too convenient to believe the
testimony put forth by [Todd]: that her mother [chose] not to reveal the
allegations of [Miller’s] alleged sexual assault until custody of the minor children was awarded to [Miller].” The court noted that neither party “appears to care to whom they lie so long as they achieve favorable results.” In June 2005, Todd’s father reported to the Hampton police that while he was lying in bed with Lindsay and Laurel watching a movie, Laurel tried to “straddle” him on his chest and stated, “I’m f------ you.” When the grandfather asked Laurel where she heard that she said nothing. When the grandfather
then asked, “from your father,” Laurel said “yes.” The police noted the report as a “possible disclosure” of sexual abuse, but took no action. In September 2005, a friend of Todd’s made a statement to the police that Laurel had reported that Miller had spanked her in the groin area. Todd filed an ex parte petition for temporary stay of visitation between Miller and the children alleging that the children reported being spanked by Miller and a third party in the groin area and that Laurel had displayed “other alarming behavior of a sexual nature,” referring to the grandfather’s report to the police in June.
As a result of these allegations, the court issued an order prohibiting Miller from having any contact with the children “until this matter is duly investigated and any and all allegations of abuse are deemed unfounded.” After an investigation that included a second pelvic examination of Laurel, the New Hampshire Division for Children, Youth, and Families (DCYF) closed the matter as unfounded. Details of the alleged abuse were sent to the Manchester Police Department which, after investigation, also concluded that the charges were unfounded. A copy of the report was sent to the Hillsborough County Attorney.
In November 2005, Todd and the children’s therapist reported to DCYF that Laurel had stated that Miller took “pictures of her with her clothes off,” made her “eat his pee pee” and “panks her in the front.” On January 30, 2006 DCYF sent a letter to Miller stating that it had determined that he was “the individual responsible for the abuse” and that his name would be entered “on its central registry of founded child abuse and neglect reports.” Miller appealed the finding and, on February 24, 2006, DCYF rescinded its initial determination. In a letter to Todd, DCYF informed her that new evidence had
come to its attention and that “the assessment regarding your children has
been closed unfounded.” DCYF stated that “[t]here has been a concern that
Laurel has been coached with the information that she has been disclosing.
Please understand that this . . . type of coaching, if proven, is equally as
abusive to a child as if the abuse had actually occurred.” The matter was also
referred to the Manchester Police Department, which investigated but did not
pursue charges.
In July 2006, the parties agreed to be evaluated by psychologist Peggie
Ward “to investigate and make recommendations . . . on the issues of a
parenting/custody assess[ment], abuse allegations by both parties, parental
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alienation issues, scripting issue[s] and any and all other issues . . . which she
deems relevant.” On December 18, 2007, Dr. Ward issued an eighty-eight page
report in which she considered several hypotheses. First, Dr. Ward posed the
hypothesis that “Laurel was not sexually abused by her father or anyone else.”
Dr. Ward noted that both children were subjected to multiple examinations and
questioning and that Laurel’s statements to the Child Advocacy Center “do not
appear to be consistent with her initial statement nor do they have a good deal
of context.” Dr. Ward opined that “this hypothesis may be supported by the
data” in that “Laurel’s presentation is less consistent with a child who has been
repeatedly sexually abused.”
Second, Dr. Ward posed the hypothesis that “Laurel was sexually abused
or inappropriately touched by Mr. Miller.” Dr. Ward noted that “Laurel’s
statements and behaviors are less consistent with child sexual abuse than they
are of premature focus on the genital area followed by a good deal of anxiety
and distress about sexual abuse from both Janet Todd as well as [Todd’s
mother].” Due to the “lack of context and the lack of memory regarding
abusive behavior, combined with multiple physical exams and multiple
interviews,” it was “impossible to determine whether Laurel was sexually
abused by her father.” Dr. Ward’s opinion was that “Laurel’s presentation is
less consistent with a child sexually abused by her father and more consistent
with other hypotheses.”
Third, Dr. Ward posed the hypothesis that Todd “has deliberately
coached the children in what to say and scripted their responses.” It was Dr.
Ward’s opinion that “this hypothesis is not the hypothesis best supported by
the data.”
Fourth, Dr. Ward posed the hypothesis that “Todd came to believe that
Laurel, not Lindsay, was sexually abused by Mr. Miller.” It was Dr. Ward’s
opinion that this hypothesis “is the most likely hypothesis supported by the
data. That is, that Ms. Todd, after experiencing her parent’s concerns about
Mr. Miller and after having experienced her own negative interactions with Mr.
Miller, became increasingly convinced that Mr. Miller was harming Laurel.”
Referring to a psychological report on Todd that was prepared in August 2007
by Dr. David Medoff, Dr. Ward noted that
[p]sychological testing shows that Ms. Todd has a “serious
impairment in her ability to accurately process the information she
takes in from her surroundings and the degree of misperception
she demonstrates has major implications for her adaptive
functioning. Ms. Todd’s level of distortion is substantial and
predisposes her to misunderstanding and misconstruing
intentions, motivations and actions of other people. This places
her at great risk for faulty judgment, for errors in decision-making,
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and for behaving in ways that are based on inaccurate information.
These data indicate that Ms. Todd will not only fail to recognize or
foresee the consequences of her actions at times, but that she will
also become confused at times in separating fantasy from reality.”
As Dr. Ward explained,
Ms. Todd has the liability of distortion of information and failure to
accurately identify intentions, motivations and behavior of others.
Ms. Todd’s emotional state placed her at risk for misinterpreting
information that she gained from her environment, adamantly
believing that Laurel was sexually abused, and acting with full
force on this information.
Dr. Ward thus concluded that “the hypothesis that Ms. Todd unintentionally
but clearly caused Laurel to come to believe that she has been sexually abused
by her father is the hypothesis best supported by the data.”
In making her recommendations, Dr. Ward cautioned that “[w]hile it is
unlikely that Mr. Miller has sexually abused Laurel, it is not possible to say
with an absolute certainty that he did not.” She concluded, however, that
while it is “likely that Janet Todd did influence her children with her negative
beliefs about Mr. Miller, from her psychological profile, it is most likely that her
feelings colored her perceptions and that she not only came to see Mr. Miller as
harmful to Laurel but also did not protect the children from her feelings.” In
addition, Dr. Ward noted that “Ms. Todd’s parents appear to have wholly and
adamantly accepted that Mr. Miller is a pervasive negative influence on his
children. Mrs. Todd in particular is active in helping her daughter prove that
Mr. Miller sexually abused the children.” Finally, Dr. Ward noted that “Laurel’s
therapist is convinced that Laurel has been sexually abused, and may have
inadvertently reinforced the abuse by making a ‘book’ with Laurel about her
abuse.”
At the time Dr. Ward submitted her report in late December 2007, Miller
had not seen his children, outside of Dr. Ward’s office, since September 2005.
Because the children had no present relationship with Miller, Dr. Ward
recommended therapeutic reunification. Dr. Ward noted that the “children and
their father have lost time that they cannot bring back. Once the relationship
between Mr. Miller and the children is both more positive and more stable a
parenting plan should be worked out wherein the children can spen[d]
significant periods of time with their father.”
On January 7, 2008, the trial court issued an order addressing Dr.
Ward’s evaluation and recommendations. The court noted that as a result of
Todd’s allegations of sexual abuse, Miller “has had little meaningful parenting
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time for the past two years, other than when he and the children met with Dr.
Ward as part of her evaluation.” The court expressed its intent
to set a course for the immediate therapeutic reunification of the
children with their father. Too much time has already passed and
too much opportunity has been lost. The children certainly
deserve better. [Todd] asserts that she accepts the goal of
reunification, but wants it to proceed at a slow pace. The court is
convinced that [Todd’s] pace for reunification is far too slow and is
premised on assertions which may not be true.
The court noted that although Miller had already identified a reunification
therapist, Todd had “made no such effort whatsoever.” The court ordered that
the parties immediately contact Kelly Khachadourian to begin the therapeutic
reunification process, that Todd immediately reenroll in counseling, and that
her therapist be given a copy of Dr. Ward’s evaluation and Todd’s own
psychological evaluation. The court found “that the children’s best interests
require that they ‘normalize’ their relationship with their father. It is
extraordinarily harmful to them to deprive them of a relationship with one
parent, especially when the reasons for doing so appear to be wholly
unjustified.” The court expressed that it did
not doubt that [Todd] feels justified in objecting to [Miller] having
parenting time because of her concerns about sexual abuse, but
the objective evidence does not corroborate her concerns. In fact,
Dr. Ward’s evaluation and the parties’ psychological evaluations
raise the very real possibility that unless the children’s
circumstances are immediately addressed, they risk abuse from a
different source.
On March 6, 2008, following a hearing, the trial court issued an order
stating that its “hope that progress could be made in [Miller’s] reunification
with the parties’ minor children was misguided.” The January 7, 2008 order
setting forth a plan for restoring the relationship “failed in relatively short
order.” The court attributed responsibility for its failure to both parties:
“[Miller] because of his insistence and belligerence with the reunification
therapist” and Todd “because of her fanciful concern about the therapist’s
‘fraudulent billing’ of insurance.” The court ordered that the parties enroll in
reunification counseling with a new therapist and that they develop a schedule
which gives Miller “some increasingly longer periods of parenting time” during
the reunification process. The court stated that it was “growing increasingly
convinced that [Todd’s] insistence that [Miller] sexually abused the children is
the single biggest obstacle to restoring [Miller’s] relationship with them. If her
insistence continues to be so intractable, [it] may be left with no alternative
short of modifying the children’s primary residence.” Further, the court denied
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Todd’s request to depose the children’s former therapist, stating that Todd’s
“representation that [the therapist] is the source for her conviction that the
children were sexually abused is, at this point, irrelevant; whatever the source
of her belief, the fact is that she continues to hold to it no matter the evidence
to the contrary.”
On May 15, 2008, following a hearing, the court, after noting that the
parties “have no interest to cooperate in what they both profess to believe –
that the children need [to] rebuild their relationship with their father,” ordered
that they begin reunification therapy near Miller’s home in New York no later
than July 1, 2008. Following an ex parte motion filed by Miller alleging that
Todd’s continued interference with the reunification process required
immediate modification of residential custody, the court stated that if Todd and
the children did not appear for the July 8, 2008 appointment, it would consider
Miller’s request for sole decision-making and residential responsibility.
On August 25, 2008, following a hearing, the court recognized that
although the parties “agree that they have made considerable progress since
the [May] hearing . . . in reunifying the minor children with [Miller],” that “good
news quickly degenerated into a heated argument about the next step in the
process.” Miller wanted temporary primary residential responsibility of the
children so he could bring them to New York to complete the reunification
therapy, while Todd contended that request was “decidedly not in the children’s
best interests.” The court stated that it understood that Miller is convinced
that Todd
has alienated the children and is responsible for the children’s
estrangement from him; he may be right, but that does not change
the fact that the children will require time to adjust to the
change(s). The process of restoring his contact with the children
has begun [and] is proceeding reasonably well, and the children’s
best interests require that he be patient with the process.
As for Todd, the court stated that she
continues to be unwilling to recognize the damage she has done to
the children’s relationship with their father. She offers no real
practical suggestions for how to continue the restoration of the
relationship; rather, she leaves it up to him to work out the
arrangements, presumably by his traveling to New Hampshire to
continue the reunification therapy.
Accordingly, the court set forth a schedule to allow Miller to continue the
reunification therapy and appointed a guardian ad litem.
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In October 2008, Miller filed an ex parte motion again seeking
modification of residential responsibility “made necessary due to the fact that
[he] ha[d] not had any contact with his children since August 14, 2008.”
Following a hearing on the motion, the court stated that it remained “convinced
that [Todd] is not invested in the process of reunifying [Miller] with the parties’
minor children.” The “uncontroverted evidence” demonstrated that Miller had
not seen the children since August “for reasons entirely unclear to the court,”
that Todd had offered parenting time to Miller for a couple of days in August
“but then reneged,” and that Todd neither met Miller in New Hampshire when
he came to pick up the children, nor did she bring the children to New York.
The court noted that Miller was not blameless in that he “unreasonably insists
that his reunification with the children be done on his terms, and his
impatience with the process has now caused the second reunification therapist
to withdraw from this case. He chose both therapists, but his conduct has
made their work nearly impossible.” Concluding that only a specific schedule
of parenting time would guarantee Miller’s contact with the children, the court
set forth a visitation schedule.
In March 2009, the guardian ad litem filed an ex parte motion to cancel
the custodial time the children were scheduled to have with their father during
the weekend beginning March 20, 2009. The motion indicated that “[o]n
3/18/09 Janet Todd told the GAL that the children disclosed to her
inappropriate touching by their father . . . during their last custodial time with
[him].” In response, the trial court scheduled a hearing and, in the interim,
ordered that the “father shall not have parenting time.” At the hearing, the
guardian stated that Todd claimed Lindsay reported that “daddy touched her
pee-pee. She told him not to and he did it anyway, and that there was also a
threat in there that if they told anyone, he would kill their mother.” Following
the hearing, the court ordered that Miller’s parenting time was not suspended
but ordered the guardian ad litem and Todd to report the disclosures to DCYF
“immediately.” DCYF investigated and closed the matter as unfounded. In a
letter to the parties, DCYF recommended that both Laurel and Lindsay engage
in individual therapy and that the parents participate in a Child Impact
Seminar to understand “the impact it has on children to have a relationship
with both parents.” DCYF also stated that “[i]f we shall get another report in
with further concerns for Lindsay and Laurel and they have not started
therapy, [t]he Division for Children, Youth and Families may be forced to take a
different course of action.”
In April 2009, the guardian ad litem filed a statement with the court
indicating that Laurel’s first grade teacher had reported that on April 20 Laurel
began to cry in class and disclosed that during her most recent visit with her
father he said that he was going to hurt her mother and there was nothing she
could do to stop him. In response, Miller filed a motion to modify custody of
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the children due to new acts of child abuse. Following a hearing, the court
denied the motion. The court noted that it understood
that [Miller] fears that this new allegation, when combined with
previous ones and the recent one in March, is a “slippery slope”
spiraling into new and more serious ones. The court will carefully
consider all that has happened before March and since. The Final
Hearing is scheduled in July, only two months away. Until then,
the court does not find a risk of imminent harm to justify the
uprooting of the children, especially so close to the end of the
school year.
Following a three-day hearing, the master issued his recommendations
regarding custody, which were approved by the trial court on September 8,
2009. The master found that in 2005 the court had “suspended father’s
parenting time because of mother’s allegations that he sexually abused Laurel”
but that “DCYF investigated and ultimately made no findings of sexual abuse.”
The master found that Dr. Ward’s “thorough and extraordinarily perceptive”
parenting assessment included the conclusion “that the girls are being exposed
to something that undermines their relationship with father.” The master
found that Miller’s expert, Dr. Garber, shared this conclusion. The master also
found that Todd “believes that ‘something sexual definitely happened (to
Laurel) by [Miller]’” and that Dr. Ward “opine[d] that mother ‘influence(d) her
children with her negative beliefs about (father) . . . (and) did not protect the
children from her feelings.’”
Regarding the children, the master found that they have lived primarily
with their mother in New Hampshire for nearly five years, where they have
attended school. He found that they have friends in New Hampshire and a
close relationship with their maternal grandparents. In addition, he found that
although they have reestablished a healthy bond with their father, have made
friends in New York, and enjoy their time with their father’s brother and
mother, a move to New York would be a drastic change requiring them to leave
most of what they have known during their formative years and would not be
in their best interest. Accordingly, the master concluded that “the girls’ best
interests require that they continue living primarily with their mother in New
Hampshire.”
Miller raises three issues on appeal. First, he argues that the trial court
erred in awarding Todd parenting responsibility when she has “engaged in a
sustained campaign to alienate the children from [him], and to interfere with
his parenting rights, by making multiple accusations of sexual abuse.”
Second, he argues that the trial court erred in not providing him a timely
opportunity to view videotaped interviews with Laurel. Third, he argues that
Supreme Court Rule 3 providing for mandatory review of appeals involving
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married parents but discretionary review of appeals involving non-married
parents is unconstitutional.
The trial court has wide discretion in matters involving custody and
visitation. In the Matter of Choy & Choy, 154 N.H. 707, 713 (2007); see RSA
461-A:20 (Supp. 2010) (“Any provision of law that refers to the ‘custody’ of
minor children shall mean the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities
as provided in this chapter.”).
Our review is limited to determining whether it clearly appears that
the trial court engaged in an unsustainable exercise of discretion.
This means that we review only whether the record establishes an
objective basis sufficient to sustain the discretionary judgment
made, and we will not disturb the trial court’s determination if it
could reasonably be made.
Choy, 154 N.H. at 713 (quotation and citations omitted). We review a trial
court’s statutory interpretation de novo. Id. at 711.
“When determining matters of child custody, a trial court’s overriding
concern is the best interest of the child.” In the Matter of Martin & Martin, 160
N.H. 645, 647 (2010), cert. denied, 79 U.S.L.W. 3329 (Jan. 24, 2011). RSA
chapter 461-A, the Parental Rights and Responsibilities Act, states that
“children do best when both parents have a stable and meaningful involvement
in their lives.” RSA 461-A:2, I (Supp. 2010). Accordingly, it is the policy of this
state to “[s]upport frequent and continuing contact between each child and
both parents” and to “[e]ncourage parents to share in the rights and
responsibilities of raising their children.” RSA 461-A:2, I(a), (b). The Act
codifies the “best interests of the child” criteria, setting forth twelve factors that
the court must consider, including:
(e) The ability and disposition of each parent to foster a positive
relationship and frequent and continuing physical, written and
telephonic contact with the other parent, except where contact will
result in harm to the child or to a parent.
(f) The support of each parent for the child’s contact with the
other parent as shown by allowing and promoting such contact.
(g) The support of each parent for the child’s relationship with
the other parent.
RSA 461-A:6, I(e)-(g) (Supp. 2009) (amended 2010).
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“Across the country, the great weight of authority holds that conduct by
one parent that tends to alienate the child’s affections from the other is so
inimical to the child’s welfare as to be grounds for a denial of custody to, or a
change of custody from, the parent guilty of such conduct.” Renaud v. Renaud,
721 A.2d 463, 465-66 (Vt. 1998). “[A] child’s best interests are plainly furthered
by nurturing the child’s relationship with both parents, and a sustained course
of conduct by one parent designed to interfere in the child’s relationship with
the other casts serious doubt upon the fitness of the offending party to be the
custodial parent.” Id. at 466. As we have recognized, “the obstruction by a
custodial parent of visitation between a child and the noncustodial parent may,
if continuous, constitute behavior so inconsistent with the best interests of the
child as to raise a strong possibility that the child will be harmed.” Webb v.
Knudson, 133 N.H. 665, 673 (1990); see also In the Matter of Kosek & Kosek,
151 N.H. 722, 728 (2005).
In addition, many courts have held that unfounded allegations of sexual
abuse made by one parent can be grounds for granting custody to the other
parent. See, e.g., Young v. Young, 628 N.Y.S.2d 957, 962 (App. Div. 1995);
Hartman v. Hartman, 621 N.E.2d 917, 920 (Ill. App. Ct. 1993), appeal denied,
631 N.E.2d 708 (Ill. 1994); Mack-Manley v. Manley, 138 P.3d 525, 531 (Nev.
2006); Turner v. Turner, 689 N.Y.S.2d 269, 270 (App. Div. 1999).
In Beekman v. Beekman, 645 N.E.2d 1332, 1336 (Ohio Ct. App. 1994),
the court reasoned:
Although a court grants one parent custody and the other
visitation, the children need to know that they are loved by both
parents regardless of the antagonism the parents might feel for
each other. It is the duty of each parent to foster and encourage
the child’s love and respect for the other parent, and the failure
from that duty is as harmful to the child as is the failure to provide
food, clothing, or shelter. Perhaps it is more harmful because no
matter how well fed or well clothed, a child cannot be happy if he
or she feels unloved by one parent.
When a court makes a custodial decision, it makes a
presumption that the circumstances are such that the residential
parent will promote both maternal and paternal affection. The
residential parent implicitly agrees to foster such affection, not out
of any good feeling toward the nonresidential parent, but out of the
need of the child for both parent’s love. Where the evidence shows
that after the initial decree the residential parent is not living up to
the court’s presumption and is attempting to poison the
relationship between the ex-spouse and the child, this is a change
of circumstances that warrants a modification of the prior custody
12
decree. Unsubstantiated allegations of abuse are the worst kind of
poisoning of the relationship.
The trial court’s order in the case before us does not cite RSA chapter
461-A, nor does it mention the application of the statutory factors to the specific
facts before it. There is no clear indication in the court’s order whether it
considered “[t]he ability and disposition of each parent to foster a positive
relationship . . . with the other parent,” RSA 461-A:6, I(e), “[t]he support of each
parent for the child’s contact with the other parent,” RSA 461-A:6, I(f), or “[t]he
support of each parent for the child’s relationship with the other parent,” RSA
461-A:6, I(g), in determining the best interests of the children. See In the
Matter of Rossino & Rossino, 153 N.H. 282, 284 (2006) (trial court’s
determination as to custody apparently did not take into account actions of the
wife and impact of wife’s repeated lawsuits on husband’s ability to maintain
contact with his children).
Based upon the record before us, the negative ramifications of Todd’s
unfounded belief that Miller has sexually abused his children, and continues to
do so, are several and serious. First and foremost, the false allegations of abuse
significantly interfered with Miller’s visitation and deprived him of any
relationship with his children for years. Further, as a result of the false
allegations, both children have been subjected repeatedly to invasive physical
examinations, they have been interviewed by DCYF and law enforcement, they
have been evaluated by Dr. Ward, they have had two guardians ad litem and
they have twice participated in reunification therapy. These actions were not in
the children’s best interests. See Watson v. Poole, 495 S.E.2d 236, 239 (S.C.
Ct. App. 1997) (numerous physical examinations and counseling sessions for
unfounded sexual abuse are not in the child’s best interest); Ellis v. Ellis, 747
S.W.2d 711, 715 (Mo. Ct. App. 1988) (mother’s attempt to deprive child of
opportunity to know and love father by interfering with father’s visitation is not
in child’s best interest); Theisen v. Theisen, 405 N.W.2d 470, 474 (Minn. Ct.
App. 1987) (mother created and maintained atmosphere of unwarranted
suspicion and accusation regarding conduct of father toward children resulting
in psychological damage); C.J.L. v. M.W.B., 879 So. 2d 1169, 1178 (Ala. Civ.
App. 2003) (not in child’s best interests to be raised by a mother so bitterly
opposed to child’s father).
Despite Todd’s admissions that she does not know whether any of the
alleged incidents actually occurred, that she has no evidence that Miller has
done anything wrong, and that she may not believe the allegations herself, there
is no indication in the record that Todd’s conduct of pursuing unfounded
allegations of sexual abuse will cease. See Theisen, 405 N.W.2d at 472
(mother’s repeated attempts to alienate the children from their father and her
pattern of conduct, having existed over the years, is unlikely to change); cf.
Renauld, 721 A.2d at 467-68 (mother’s reports of alleged sexual and physical
13
abuse of son by father, although unsubstantiated, were wholly reasonable and
her actions were transitory, unlikely to be repeated, and subject to cure).
The trial court awarded custody to Todd primarily because the children
have spent the majority of their lives with her and that is where they are most
comfortable. However, it was because of the unfounded allegations of sexual
abuse that Miller was denied any contact with his children for over two years
and had little opportunity to establish a home life with them between 2004 and
2009. This raises the question whether Todd has benefitted from her
misbehavior. In Begins v. Begins, 721 A.2d 469, 470-71 (Vt. 1998), the
children’s relationship with their mother deteriorated following the parents’
separation due to the fact that the father unfairly blamed her for the parties’
marital problems and made disparaging remarks about her lifestyle. The trial
court concluded that the boys’ hostility toward their mother, encouraged and
fueled by their father, precluded an award of custody to mother. Id. at 471.
Although the court found that father did not “deserve to win custody,” it
concluded that it had no choice but to award custody to him. Id. (quotations
omitted). The Vermont Supreme Court rejected such reasoning. Id. at 472. As
the court stated:
Although obviously well intended, the court’s decision effectively
condoned a parent’s willful alienation of a child from the other
parent. Its ruling sends the unacceptable message that others
might, with impunity, engage in similar misconduct. Left
undisturbed, the court’s decision would nullify the principle that
the best interests of the child are furthered through a healthy and
loving relationship with both parents.
Id.; see Mack-Manley, 138 P.3d at 528 (trial court found children’s best
interests not served by ignoring mother’s unsubstantiated child abuse and
neglect allegations); Young, 628 N.Y.S.2d at 963 (trial court’s decision
noticeably silent as to mother’s false allegations and it was clear the court failed
to consider evidence that mother willfully interfered with father’s relationship
with the children).
Dr. Ward’s report, characterized by the master as “thorough and
extraordinarily perceptive,” contains several conclusions particularly relevant to
Todd’s inability to foster a positive relationship with Miller and to support the
children’s contact with him. These include her conclusions that Todd caused
Laurel to believe that she has been sexually abused by her father, that it is
likely that Todd influenced her children with her negative beliefs and did not
protect the children from her feelings, that Todd’s parents have “wholly and
adamantly” accepted that Miller is a pervasive negative influence on the
children, and that Todd’s mother is active in helping her daughter prove that
Miller sexually abused the children.
14
We conclude that the award of parental rights and responsibilities must
be vacated and the case remanded for reconsideration in light of this opinion.
On remand, the trial court must consider the factors set forth in RSA 461-A:6,
I(e)-(g) in determining the children’s best interests in this case. Also, the court
should consider the applicability of the recent amendment to RSA 461-A:6, IV
(Supp. 2010). It is within the trial court’s discretion to take into consideration
any additional circumstances that may have occurred while this appeal was
pending.
The second issue Miller raises on appeal is whether the trial court erred
in not providing him a timely opportunity to view videotaped interviews
conducted by the Child Advocacy Center in Portsmouth with his daughter
Laurel. However, Miller’s attorney conceded at oral argument that this issue is
moot. Accordingly, we need not address it further.
The final issue raised is whether Supreme Court Rule 3 is
unconstitutional because it provides differing treatment to married and
unmarried parents with respect to issues involving children.
Supreme Court Rule 3 provides in part:
“Mandatory appeal”: A mandatory appeal shall be accepted by the
supreme court for review on the merits. A mandatory appeal is an
appeal filed by the State pursuant to RSA 606:10, or an appeal
from a final decision on the merits issued by a superior court,
district court, probate court, or family division court, that is in
compliance with these rules. Provided, however, that the following
appeals are NOT mandatory appeals:
. . .
(9) an appeal from a final decision on the merits issued in, or
arising out of, a domestic relations matter filed under RSA Title
XLIII (RSA chapters 457 to 461-A); provided, however, that an
appeal from a final divorce decree or decree of legal separation
shall be a mandatory appeal.
Having exercised our discretion and accepted this appeal, we hold that
the question concerning the constitutionality of Rule 3 as applied to this case is
moot. Any consideration regarding amending Rule 3 should be accomplished in
accordance with the rule-making procedures set forth in Supreme Court Rule
51, thereby providing the public, the bench and the bar an opportunity to offer
comments and suggestions.
Vacated and remanded.
DALIANIS, C.J., and DUGGAN and CONBOY, JJ., concurred.
“Across the country, the great weight of authority holds that conduct by one parent that tends to alienate the child’s affections from the other is so inimical to the child’s welfare as to be grounds for a denial of custody to, or a change of custody from, the parent guilty of such conduct.”--New Hampshire Supreme Court, in a new ruling
James Miller and Janet Todd had two daughters...a New Hampshire court awarded joint custody, with Ms. Todd as primary custodian and Mr. Miller with visitation rights.
Todd began a long series of allegations of child sexual abuse against Miller. Each and every claim was investigated; each and every claim was determined to be unfounded. As part of the investigations, the girls were subjected to invasive pelvic examinations at least twice each.
False though the allegations were, they served a purpose; they caused the New Hampshire family court to suspend Miller’s parenting time with his children throughout the course of the proceedings. This meant that, for over two years, he had no contact with his daughters and they none with him...
This case is excellent, not only because of its result, but mostly because of its sound analysis. It should serve as a template for courts not only here in the U.S. but in other countries as well.
It comes to us from the Supreme Court of New Hampshire and analyzes a situation in which false allegations of child sexual abuse were used by a mother to deprive a father of contact with his children. It’s a familiar pattern of facts and altogether too rare an outcome.
In 1999, James Miller met Janet Todd online. They developed a relationship and, although they never married, had two daughters. Laurel was born in 2002 and Lindsey in 2003. Ultimately, a New Hampshire court awarded joint custody with Todd as primary custodian and Miller with visitation rights.
But early on, Todd’s mother claimed she had seen Miller sexually abusing Laurel. Thus began a long series of allegations of child sexual abuse against Miller. They were still going on as late as March, 2009, some five years after the first one.
Each and every claim was investigated; each and every claim was determined to be unfounded. As part of the investigations, the girls were subjected to invasive pelvic examinations at least twice each.
False though the allegations were, they served a purpose; they caused the New Hampshire family court to suspend Miller’s parenting time with his children throughout the course of the proceedings. That meant that, for over two years, he had no contact with his daughters and they none with him.
Eventually, in July, 2006, the court ordered psychologist Dr. Peggie Ward to thoroughly examine Miller, Todd, the girls and the family situation to determine issues of custody, alienation, sexual abuse, etc. It took Ward 17 months to produce her 88-page report which the court found to be “extraordinarily thorough.”
What Ward concluded was that there was no reliable evidence of sexual abuse by Miller. She also concluded that Todd had probably not set out to deliberately alienate the girls from their father; that probably originated with Todd’s mother. The problem stemmed not only from the various claims of abuse, but from Todd’s almost total inability to accurately process everyday occurrences.
[p]sychological testing shows that Ms. Todd has a “serious
impairment in her ability to accurately process the information she takes in from her surroundings and the degree of misperception she demonstrates has major implications for her adaptive functioning. Ms. Todd’s level of distortion is substantial and predisposes her to misunderstanding and misconstruing intentions, motivations and actions of other people. This places her at great risk for faulty judgment, for errors in decision-making, and for behaving in ways that are based on inaccurate information. These data indicate that Ms. Todd will not only fail to recognize or foresee the consequences of her actions at times, but that she will also become confused at times in separating fantasy from reality.”
In other words, Todd was unable to sort out false allegations from real ones. Into the bargain, Todd failed to protect her daughters from her own feelings and fears about what she thought may be happening, thereby perpetuating the girls’ own confusion about the nature of what daddy had or had not done.
So, given years of false allegations against Miller and the manifest inability by Todd to (a) distinguish fantasy from reality and (b) promote a healthy relationship between Miller and his daughters, the trial court did what so many of them do; it gave custody to the children’s mother.
That violated New Hampshire law which requires parents to promote positive relationships between the opposite parent and the children. It also ignored the rather startling fact that Todd’s emotional problems posed obvious risks for any child in her care.
So why did the court give her custody? Because the kids had been with her for several years during which time they’d had no contact with Miller. They’d developed friendships at school and so, according to the court, their “best interests” required them to see little or nothing of their father, depending on the decisions of their clearly unbalanced mother. If that makes sense to you, please explain it to me.
The New Hampshire Supreme Court squashed that one like a bug. Its opinion grasps what so many courts do not - that continuing, deep and rich relationships with both parents are in the child’s best interests. The mother’s obstruction of such relationships between the children and the father is per se not in their best interests.
Why that should be so difficult to understand is beyond me. The statutes of New Hampshire make it clear as do the statutes and courts of other jurisdictions. The court said:
“Across the country, the great weight of authority holds that conduct by one parent that tends to alienate the child’s affections from the other is so inimical to the child’s welfare as to be grounds for a denial of custody to, or a change of custody from, the parent guilty of such conduct.”
And yet time and again, courts ignore statute and case law and look only at the fact that the child has been separate from the father for a certain period of time. They then conclude that the he cannot have future contact or that it must be limited, without ever noticing how his lack of contact came about.
The New Hampshire court specifically objected to the concept that Todd had “benefitted from her own misbehavior.” That’s a concept I’ve waited many years to hear a court articulate. For as long as I’ve been a student and advocate of fathers’ rights, I’ve been astonished at courts’ willingness to ignore mothers’ wrongdoing in order to grant them custody. That happens as a matter of routine in adoption cases.
What Miller v. Todd does is to show that the requirement on the part of each parent to promote the child’s relationship with the other parent is necessary and beneficial to the child. It also shows that courts will not reward the alienating behavior of parents.
And that, in a nutshell, is how courts should rule in these cases. They should make it clear that false allegations of abuse are not acceptable and that they will not be used to benefit the alienating parent.
It’s a simple concept that more courts need to grasp.
THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
___________________________
Portsmouth Family Division
No. 2009-806
IN THE MATTER OF JAMES J. MILLER AND JANET S. TODD
Argued: November 17, 2010
Opinion Issued: March 31, 2011
Law Office of Joshua L. Gordon, of Concord (Joshua L. Gordon on the
brief and orally), for the petitioner.
John P. Carr, of Hingham, Massachusetts, and Elizabeth B. Olcott, of
Concord, on the brief, and Mr. Carr orally, for the respondent.
HICKS, J. The petitioner, James J. Miller, currently a resident of New
York, appeals an order of the Portsmouth Family Division (DeVries, J.),
recommended by the Master (Cross, M.), requiring the parties’ two minor
daughters to continue to live primarily with the respondent, Janet S. Todd, in
New Hampshire. We vacate and remand.
We have reviewed the extensive record in this case and set forth the facts
most relevant to the issues on appeal. Miller and Todd met in 1999 over the
internet and established a relationship. At that time, Miller lived in Michigan
and Todd lived in New Hampshire. Although they never married, their
relationship produced two daughters, Laurel born in 2002 and Lindsay born in
2003. During 2002 and 2003, the parties spent some time living together in
Michigan, Todd and the children spent some time alone in New Hampshire living with Todd’s parents, and the parties all spent some time together at
Todd’s parents’ house in New Hampshire. Toward the end of 2003, the parties’ relationship broke down. On December 23, 2003, Miller obtained an ex parte order in the circuit court in Michigan granting him sole temporary legal and physical custody of his
daughters. That same day, Todd took the children to her parents’ home in
Hampton, New Hampshire. On January 6, 2004, Todd was served with the
Michigan custody order. On January 15, the Rockingham County Superior
Court, in response to Miller’s petition for enforcement of the Michigan custody
decree, ordered Todd to appear at a hearing and on January 26, the trial court
ordered Todd to bring the children to Miller within twenty-four hours for the
purpose of transferring custody to him. Sometime in January, Todd’s mother told her that, four months earlier, she saw Miller molest Laurel by inserting his forefinger into her. On January 27, on the advice of her attorney, Todd took the children to the emergency
department at Exeter Hospital and requested a “well baby check.” The
physician’s report states: “[P]atient here for well child check-up; told by Lawyer
to have evaluated for custody issue.” There is no evidence in the record that
Todd notified the hospital staff of any concerns regarding sexual abuse. The
physical exam indicated the children’s condition was good. Todd then transferred the children to Miller’s custody. On February 5, 2004, a report was filed with the Family Independence Agency of Michigan, Child Protective Services, alleging that
maternal grandparents recalled an incident that occurred in New Hampshire between 10/03/03 and 10/05/03 when father was rubbing diaper cream on Laurel because she had a diaper rash. Maternal grandmother states she did not have [a] diaper rash.
Maternal grandmother stated father inserted his fore-finger inside of Laurel. This was never reported to anyone. The agency investigated the report, including having pelvic examinations of both children administered. No indications of sexual abuse of either
child were found and the investigation was closed. In November 2004, the Rockingham County Superior Court issued a temporary decree awarding the parties joint legal custody of the children. In that order, the trial court questioned the credibility of both parties. Regarding Todd, the court found “most troubling” the allegations of sexual abuse raised by her. As the court stated, “It is simply far too convenient to believe the
testimony put forth by [Todd]: that her mother [chose] not to reveal the
allegations of [Miller’s] alleged sexual assault until custody of the minor children was awarded to [Miller].” The court noted that neither party “appears to care to whom they lie so long as they achieve favorable results.” In June 2005, Todd’s father reported to the Hampton police that while he was lying in bed with Lindsay and Laurel watching a movie, Laurel tried to “straddle” him on his chest and stated, “I’m f------ you.” When the grandfather asked Laurel where she heard that she said nothing. When the grandfather
then asked, “from your father,” Laurel said “yes.” The police noted the report as a “possible disclosure” of sexual abuse, but took no action. In September 2005, a friend of Todd’s made a statement to the police that Laurel had reported that Miller had spanked her in the groin area. Todd filed an ex parte petition for temporary stay of visitation between Miller and the children alleging that the children reported being spanked by Miller and a third party in the groin area and that Laurel had displayed “other alarming behavior of a sexual nature,” referring to the grandfather’s report to the police in June.
As a result of these allegations, the court issued an order prohibiting Miller from having any contact with the children “until this matter is duly investigated and any and all allegations of abuse are deemed unfounded.” After an investigation that included a second pelvic examination of Laurel, the New Hampshire Division for Children, Youth, and Families (DCYF) closed the matter as unfounded. Details of the alleged abuse were sent to the Manchester Police Department which, after investigation, also concluded that the charges were unfounded. A copy of the report was sent to the Hillsborough County Attorney.
In November 2005, Todd and the children’s therapist reported to DCYF that Laurel had stated that Miller took “pictures of her with her clothes off,” made her “eat his pee pee” and “panks her in the front.” On January 30, 2006 DCYF sent a letter to Miller stating that it had determined that he was “the individual responsible for the abuse” and that his name would be entered “on its central registry of founded child abuse and neglect reports.” Miller appealed the finding and, on February 24, 2006, DCYF rescinded its initial determination. In a letter to Todd, DCYF informed her that new evidence had
come to its attention and that “the assessment regarding your children has
been closed unfounded.” DCYF stated that “[t]here has been a concern that
Laurel has been coached with the information that she has been disclosing.
Please understand that this . . . type of coaching, if proven, is equally as
abusive to a child as if the abuse had actually occurred.” The matter was also
referred to the Manchester Police Department, which investigated but did not
pursue charges.
In July 2006, the parties agreed to be evaluated by psychologist Peggie
Ward “to investigate and make recommendations . . . on the issues of a
parenting/custody assess[ment], abuse allegations by both parties, parental
4
alienation issues, scripting issue[s] and any and all other issues . . . which she
deems relevant.” On December 18, 2007, Dr. Ward issued an eighty-eight page
report in which she considered several hypotheses. First, Dr. Ward posed the
hypothesis that “Laurel was not sexually abused by her father or anyone else.”
Dr. Ward noted that both children were subjected to multiple examinations and
questioning and that Laurel’s statements to the Child Advocacy Center “do not
appear to be consistent with her initial statement nor do they have a good deal
of context.” Dr. Ward opined that “this hypothesis may be supported by the
data” in that “Laurel’s presentation is less consistent with a child who has been
repeatedly sexually abused.”
Second, Dr. Ward posed the hypothesis that “Laurel was sexually abused
or inappropriately touched by Mr. Miller.” Dr. Ward noted that “Laurel’s
statements and behaviors are less consistent with child sexual abuse than they
are of premature focus on the genital area followed by a good deal of anxiety
and distress about sexual abuse from both Janet Todd as well as [Todd’s
mother].” Due to the “lack of context and the lack of memory regarding
abusive behavior, combined with multiple physical exams and multiple
interviews,” it was “impossible to determine whether Laurel was sexually
abused by her father.” Dr. Ward’s opinion was that “Laurel’s presentation is
less consistent with a child sexually abused by her father and more consistent
with other hypotheses.”
Third, Dr. Ward posed the hypothesis that Todd “has deliberately
coached the children in what to say and scripted their responses.” It was Dr.
Ward’s opinion that “this hypothesis is not the hypothesis best supported by
the data.”
Fourth, Dr. Ward posed the hypothesis that “Todd came to believe that
Laurel, not Lindsay, was sexually abused by Mr. Miller.” It was Dr. Ward’s
opinion that this hypothesis “is the most likely hypothesis supported by the
data. That is, that Ms. Todd, after experiencing her parent’s concerns about
Mr. Miller and after having experienced her own negative interactions with Mr.
Miller, became increasingly convinced that Mr. Miller was harming Laurel.”
Referring to a psychological report on Todd that was prepared in August 2007
by Dr. David Medoff, Dr. Ward noted that
[p]sychological testing shows that Ms. Todd has a “serious
impairment in her ability to accurately process the information she
takes in from her surroundings and the degree of misperception
she demonstrates has major implications for her adaptive
functioning. Ms. Todd’s level of distortion is substantial and
predisposes her to misunderstanding and misconstruing
intentions, motivations and actions of other people. This places
her at great risk for faulty judgment, for errors in decision-making,
5
and for behaving in ways that are based on inaccurate information.
These data indicate that Ms. Todd will not only fail to recognize or
foresee the consequences of her actions at times, but that she will
also become confused at times in separating fantasy from reality.”
As Dr. Ward explained,
Ms. Todd has the liability of distortion of information and failure to
accurately identify intentions, motivations and behavior of others.
Ms. Todd’s emotional state placed her at risk for misinterpreting
information that she gained from her environment, adamantly
believing that Laurel was sexually abused, and acting with full
force on this information.
Dr. Ward thus concluded that “the hypothesis that Ms. Todd unintentionally
but clearly caused Laurel to come to believe that she has been sexually abused
by her father is the hypothesis best supported by the data.”
In making her recommendations, Dr. Ward cautioned that “[w]hile it is
unlikely that Mr. Miller has sexually abused Laurel, it is not possible to say
with an absolute certainty that he did not.” She concluded, however, that
while it is “likely that Janet Todd did influence her children with her negative
beliefs about Mr. Miller, from her psychological profile, it is most likely that her
feelings colored her perceptions and that she not only came to see Mr. Miller as
harmful to Laurel but also did not protect the children from her feelings.” In
addition, Dr. Ward noted that “Ms. Todd’s parents appear to have wholly and
adamantly accepted that Mr. Miller is a pervasive negative influence on his
children. Mrs. Todd in particular is active in helping her daughter prove that
Mr. Miller sexually abused the children.” Finally, Dr. Ward noted that “Laurel’s
therapist is convinced that Laurel has been sexually abused, and may have
inadvertently reinforced the abuse by making a ‘book’ with Laurel about her
abuse.”
At the time Dr. Ward submitted her report in late December 2007, Miller
had not seen his children, outside of Dr. Ward’s office, since September 2005.
Because the children had no present relationship with Miller, Dr. Ward
recommended therapeutic reunification. Dr. Ward noted that the “children and
their father have lost time that they cannot bring back. Once the relationship
between Mr. Miller and the children is both more positive and more stable a
parenting plan should be worked out wherein the children can spen[d]
significant periods of time with their father.”
On January 7, 2008, the trial court issued an order addressing Dr.
Ward’s evaluation and recommendations. The court noted that as a result of
Todd’s allegations of sexual abuse, Miller “has had little meaningful parenting
6
time for the past two years, other than when he and the children met with Dr.
Ward as part of her evaluation.” The court expressed its intent
to set a course for the immediate therapeutic reunification of the
children with their father. Too much time has already passed and
too much opportunity has been lost. The children certainly
deserve better. [Todd] asserts that she accepts the goal of
reunification, but wants it to proceed at a slow pace. The court is
convinced that [Todd’s] pace for reunification is far too slow and is
premised on assertions which may not be true.
The court noted that although Miller had already identified a reunification
therapist, Todd had “made no such effort whatsoever.” The court ordered that
the parties immediately contact Kelly Khachadourian to begin the therapeutic
reunification process, that Todd immediately reenroll in counseling, and that
her therapist be given a copy of Dr. Ward’s evaluation and Todd’s own
psychological evaluation. The court found “that the children’s best interests
require that they ‘normalize’ their relationship with their father. It is
extraordinarily harmful to them to deprive them of a relationship with one
parent, especially when the reasons for doing so appear to be wholly
unjustified.” The court expressed that it did
not doubt that [Todd] feels justified in objecting to [Miller] having
parenting time because of her concerns about sexual abuse, but
the objective evidence does not corroborate her concerns. In fact,
Dr. Ward’s evaluation and the parties’ psychological evaluations
raise the very real possibility that unless the children’s
circumstances are immediately addressed, they risk abuse from a
different source.
On March 6, 2008, following a hearing, the trial court issued an order
stating that its “hope that progress could be made in [Miller’s] reunification
with the parties’ minor children was misguided.” The January 7, 2008 order
setting forth a plan for restoring the relationship “failed in relatively short
order.” The court attributed responsibility for its failure to both parties:
“[Miller] because of his insistence and belligerence with the reunification
therapist” and Todd “because of her fanciful concern about the therapist’s
‘fraudulent billing’ of insurance.” The court ordered that the parties enroll in
reunification counseling with a new therapist and that they develop a schedule
which gives Miller “some increasingly longer periods of parenting time” during
the reunification process. The court stated that it was “growing increasingly
convinced that [Todd’s] insistence that [Miller] sexually abused the children is
the single biggest obstacle to restoring [Miller’s] relationship with them. If her
insistence continues to be so intractable, [it] may be left with no alternative
short of modifying the children’s primary residence.” Further, the court denied
7
Todd’s request to depose the children’s former therapist, stating that Todd’s
“representation that [the therapist] is the source for her conviction that the
children were sexually abused is, at this point, irrelevant; whatever the source
of her belief, the fact is that she continues to hold to it no matter the evidence
to the contrary.”
On May 15, 2008, following a hearing, the court, after noting that the
parties “have no interest to cooperate in what they both profess to believe –
that the children need [to] rebuild their relationship with their father,” ordered
that they begin reunification therapy near Miller’s home in New York no later
than July 1, 2008. Following an ex parte motion filed by Miller alleging that
Todd’s continued interference with the reunification process required
immediate modification of residential custody, the court stated that if Todd and
the children did not appear for the July 8, 2008 appointment, it would consider
Miller’s request for sole decision-making and residential responsibility.
On August 25, 2008, following a hearing, the court recognized that
although the parties “agree that they have made considerable progress since
the [May] hearing . . . in reunifying the minor children with [Miller],” that “good
news quickly degenerated into a heated argument about the next step in the
process.” Miller wanted temporary primary residential responsibility of the
children so he could bring them to New York to complete the reunification
therapy, while Todd contended that request was “decidedly not in the children’s
best interests.” The court stated that it understood that Miller is convinced
that Todd
has alienated the children and is responsible for the children’s
estrangement from him; he may be right, but that does not change
the fact that the children will require time to adjust to the
change(s). The process of restoring his contact with the children
has begun [and] is proceeding reasonably well, and the children’s
best interests require that he be patient with the process.
As for Todd, the court stated that she
continues to be unwilling to recognize the damage she has done to
the children’s relationship with their father. She offers no real
practical suggestions for how to continue the restoration of the
relationship; rather, she leaves it up to him to work out the
arrangements, presumably by his traveling to New Hampshire to
continue the reunification therapy.
Accordingly, the court set forth a schedule to allow Miller to continue the
reunification therapy and appointed a guardian ad litem.
8
In October 2008, Miller filed an ex parte motion again seeking
modification of residential responsibility “made necessary due to the fact that
[he] ha[d] not had any contact with his children since August 14, 2008.”
Following a hearing on the motion, the court stated that it remained “convinced
that [Todd] is not invested in the process of reunifying [Miller] with the parties’
minor children.” The “uncontroverted evidence” demonstrated that Miller had
not seen the children since August “for reasons entirely unclear to the court,”
that Todd had offered parenting time to Miller for a couple of days in August
“but then reneged,” and that Todd neither met Miller in New Hampshire when
he came to pick up the children, nor did she bring the children to New York.
The court noted that Miller was not blameless in that he “unreasonably insists
that his reunification with the children be done on his terms, and his
impatience with the process has now caused the second reunification therapist
to withdraw from this case. He chose both therapists, but his conduct has
made their work nearly impossible.” Concluding that only a specific schedule
of parenting time would guarantee Miller’s contact with the children, the court
set forth a visitation schedule.
In March 2009, the guardian ad litem filed an ex parte motion to cancel
the custodial time the children were scheduled to have with their father during
the weekend beginning March 20, 2009. The motion indicated that “[o]n
3/18/09 Janet Todd told the GAL that the children disclosed to her
inappropriate touching by their father . . . during their last custodial time with
[him].” In response, the trial court scheduled a hearing and, in the interim,
ordered that the “father shall not have parenting time.” At the hearing, the
guardian stated that Todd claimed Lindsay reported that “daddy touched her
pee-pee. She told him not to and he did it anyway, and that there was also a
threat in there that if they told anyone, he would kill their mother.” Following
the hearing, the court ordered that Miller’s parenting time was not suspended
but ordered the guardian ad litem and Todd to report the disclosures to DCYF
“immediately.” DCYF investigated and closed the matter as unfounded. In a
letter to the parties, DCYF recommended that both Laurel and Lindsay engage
in individual therapy and that the parents participate in a Child Impact
Seminar to understand “the impact it has on children to have a relationship
with both parents.” DCYF also stated that “[i]f we shall get another report in
with further concerns for Lindsay and Laurel and they have not started
therapy, [t]he Division for Children, Youth and Families may be forced to take a
different course of action.”
In April 2009, the guardian ad litem filed a statement with the court
indicating that Laurel’s first grade teacher had reported that on April 20 Laurel
began to cry in class and disclosed that during her most recent visit with her
father he said that he was going to hurt her mother and there was nothing she
could do to stop him. In response, Miller filed a motion to modify custody of
9
the children due to new acts of child abuse. Following a hearing, the court
denied the motion. The court noted that it understood
that [Miller] fears that this new allegation, when combined with
previous ones and the recent one in March, is a “slippery slope”
spiraling into new and more serious ones. The court will carefully
consider all that has happened before March and since. The Final
Hearing is scheduled in July, only two months away. Until then,
the court does not find a risk of imminent harm to justify the
uprooting of the children, especially so close to the end of the
school year.
Following a three-day hearing, the master issued his recommendations
regarding custody, which were approved by the trial court on September 8,
2009. The master found that in 2005 the court had “suspended father’s
parenting time because of mother’s allegations that he sexually abused Laurel”
but that “DCYF investigated and ultimately made no findings of sexual abuse.”
The master found that Dr. Ward’s “thorough and extraordinarily perceptive”
parenting assessment included the conclusion “that the girls are being exposed
to something that undermines their relationship with father.” The master
found that Miller’s expert, Dr. Garber, shared this conclusion. The master also
found that Todd “believes that ‘something sexual definitely happened (to
Laurel) by [Miller]’” and that Dr. Ward “opine[d] that mother ‘influence(d) her
children with her negative beliefs about (father) . . . (and) did not protect the
children from her feelings.’”
Regarding the children, the master found that they have lived primarily
with their mother in New Hampshire for nearly five years, where they have
attended school. He found that they have friends in New Hampshire and a
close relationship with their maternal grandparents. In addition, he found that
although they have reestablished a healthy bond with their father, have made
friends in New York, and enjoy their time with their father’s brother and
mother, a move to New York would be a drastic change requiring them to leave
most of what they have known during their formative years and would not be
in their best interest. Accordingly, the master concluded that “the girls’ best
interests require that they continue living primarily with their mother in New
Hampshire.”
Miller raises three issues on appeal. First, he argues that the trial court
erred in awarding Todd parenting responsibility when she has “engaged in a
sustained campaign to alienate the children from [him], and to interfere with
his parenting rights, by making multiple accusations of sexual abuse.”
Second, he argues that the trial court erred in not providing him a timely
opportunity to view videotaped interviews with Laurel. Third, he argues that
Supreme Court Rule 3 providing for mandatory review of appeals involving
10
married parents but discretionary review of appeals involving non-married
parents is unconstitutional.
The trial court has wide discretion in matters involving custody and
visitation. In the Matter of Choy & Choy, 154 N.H. 707, 713 (2007); see RSA
461-A:20 (Supp. 2010) (“Any provision of law that refers to the ‘custody’ of
minor children shall mean the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities
as provided in this chapter.”).
Our review is limited to determining whether it clearly appears that
the trial court engaged in an unsustainable exercise of discretion.
This means that we review only whether the record establishes an
objective basis sufficient to sustain the discretionary judgment
made, and we will not disturb the trial court’s determination if it
could reasonably be made.
Choy, 154 N.H. at 713 (quotation and citations omitted). We review a trial
court’s statutory interpretation de novo. Id. at 711.
“When determining matters of child custody, a trial court’s overriding
concern is the best interest of the child.” In the Matter of Martin & Martin, 160
N.H. 645, 647 (2010), cert. denied, 79 U.S.L.W. 3329 (Jan. 24, 2011). RSA
chapter 461-A, the Parental Rights and Responsibilities Act, states that
“children do best when both parents have a stable and meaningful involvement
in their lives.” RSA 461-A:2, I (Supp. 2010). Accordingly, it is the policy of this
state to “[s]upport frequent and continuing contact between each child and
both parents” and to “[e]ncourage parents to share in the rights and
responsibilities of raising their children.” RSA 461-A:2, I(a), (b). The Act
codifies the “best interests of the child” criteria, setting forth twelve factors that
the court must consider, including:
(e) The ability and disposition of each parent to foster a positive
relationship and frequent and continuing physical, written and
telephonic contact with the other parent, except where contact will
result in harm to the child or to a parent.
(f) The support of each parent for the child’s contact with the
other parent as shown by allowing and promoting such contact.
(g) The support of each parent for the child’s relationship with
the other parent.
RSA 461-A:6, I(e)-(g) (Supp. 2009) (amended 2010).
11
“Across the country, the great weight of authority holds that conduct by
one parent that tends to alienate the child’s affections from the other is so
inimical to the child’s welfare as to be grounds for a denial of custody to, or a
change of custody from, the parent guilty of such conduct.” Renaud v. Renaud,
721 A.2d 463, 465-66 (Vt. 1998). “[A] child’s best interests are plainly furthered
by nurturing the child’s relationship with both parents, and a sustained course
of conduct by one parent designed to interfere in the child’s relationship with
the other casts serious doubt upon the fitness of the offending party to be the
custodial parent.” Id. at 466. As we have recognized, “the obstruction by a
custodial parent of visitation between a child and the noncustodial parent may,
if continuous, constitute behavior so inconsistent with the best interests of the
child as to raise a strong possibility that the child will be harmed.” Webb v.
Knudson, 133 N.H. 665, 673 (1990); see also In the Matter of Kosek & Kosek,
151 N.H. 722, 728 (2005).
In addition, many courts have held that unfounded allegations of sexual
abuse made by one parent can be grounds for granting custody to the other
parent. See, e.g., Young v. Young, 628 N.Y.S.2d 957, 962 (App. Div. 1995);
Hartman v. Hartman, 621 N.E.2d 917, 920 (Ill. App. Ct. 1993), appeal denied,
631 N.E.2d 708 (Ill. 1994); Mack-Manley v. Manley, 138 P.3d 525, 531 (Nev.
2006); Turner v. Turner, 689 N.Y.S.2d 269, 270 (App. Div. 1999).
In Beekman v. Beekman, 645 N.E.2d 1332, 1336 (Ohio Ct. App. 1994),
the court reasoned:
Although a court grants one parent custody and the other
visitation, the children need to know that they are loved by both
parents regardless of the antagonism the parents might feel for
each other. It is the duty of each parent to foster and encourage
the child’s love and respect for the other parent, and the failure
from that duty is as harmful to the child as is the failure to provide
food, clothing, or shelter. Perhaps it is more harmful because no
matter how well fed or well clothed, a child cannot be happy if he
or she feels unloved by one parent.
When a court makes a custodial decision, it makes a
presumption that the circumstances are such that the residential
parent will promote both maternal and paternal affection. The
residential parent implicitly agrees to foster such affection, not out
of any good feeling toward the nonresidential parent, but out of the
need of the child for both parent’s love. Where the evidence shows
that after the initial decree the residential parent is not living up to
the court’s presumption and is attempting to poison the
relationship between the ex-spouse and the child, this is a change
of circumstances that warrants a modification of the prior custody
12
decree. Unsubstantiated allegations of abuse are the worst kind of
poisoning of the relationship.
The trial court’s order in the case before us does not cite RSA chapter
461-A, nor does it mention the application of the statutory factors to the specific
facts before it. There is no clear indication in the court’s order whether it
considered “[t]he ability and disposition of each parent to foster a positive
relationship . . . with the other parent,” RSA 461-A:6, I(e), “[t]he support of each
parent for the child’s contact with the other parent,” RSA 461-A:6, I(f), or “[t]he
support of each parent for the child’s relationship with the other parent,” RSA
461-A:6, I(g), in determining the best interests of the children. See In the
Matter of Rossino & Rossino, 153 N.H. 282, 284 (2006) (trial court’s
determination as to custody apparently did not take into account actions of the
wife and impact of wife’s repeated lawsuits on husband’s ability to maintain
contact with his children).
Based upon the record before us, the negative ramifications of Todd’s
unfounded belief that Miller has sexually abused his children, and continues to
do so, are several and serious. First and foremost, the false allegations of abuse
significantly interfered with Miller’s visitation and deprived him of any
relationship with his children for years. Further, as a result of the false
allegations, both children have been subjected repeatedly to invasive physical
examinations, they have been interviewed by DCYF and law enforcement, they
have been evaluated by Dr. Ward, they have had two guardians ad litem and
they have twice participated in reunification therapy. These actions were not in
the children’s best interests. See Watson v. Poole, 495 S.E.2d 236, 239 (S.C.
Ct. App. 1997) (numerous physical examinations and counseling sessions for
unfounded sexual abuse are not in the child’s best interest); Ellis v. Ellis, 747
S.W.2d 711, 715 (Mo. Ct. App. 1988) (mother’s attempt to deprive child of
opportunity to know and love father by interfering with father’s visitation is not
in child’s best interest); Theisen v. Theisen, 405 N.W.2d 470, 474 (Minn. Ct.
App. 1987) (mother created and maintained atmosphere of unwarranted
suspicion and accusation regarding conduct of father toward children resulting
in psychological damage); C.J.L. v. M.W.B., 879 So. 2d 1169, 1178 (Ala. Civ.
App. 2003) (not in child’s best interests to be raised by a mother so bitterly
opposed to child’s father).
Despite Todd’s admissions that she does not know whether any of the
alleged incidents actually occurred, that she has no evidence that Miller has
done anything wrong, and that she may not believe the allegations herself, there
is no indication in the record that Todd’s conduct of pursuing unfounded
allegations of sexual abuse will cease. See Theisen, 405 N.W.2d at 472
(mother’s repeated attempts to alienate the children from their father and her
pattern of conduct, having existed over the years, is unlikely to change); cf.
Renauld, 721 A.2d at 467-68 (mother’s reports of alleged sexual and physical
13
abuse of son by father, although unsubstantiated, were wholly reasonable and
her actions were transitory, unlikely to be repeated, and subject to cure).
The trial court awarded custody to Todd primarily because the children
have spent the majority of their lives with her and that is where they are most
comfortable. However, it was because of the unfounded allegations of sexual
abuse that Miller was denied any contact with his children for over two years
and had little opportunity to establish a home life with them between 2004 and
2009. This raises the question whether Todd has benefitted from her
misbehavior. In Begins v. Begins, 721 A.2d 469, 470-71 (Vt. 1998), the
children’s relationship with their mother deteriorated following the parents’
separation due to the fact that the father unfairly blamed her for the parties’
marital problems and made disparaging remarks about her lifestyle. The trial
court concluded that the boys’ hostility toward their mother, encouraged and
fueled by their father, precluded an award of custody to mother. Id. at 471.
Although the court found that father did not “deserve to win custody,” it
concluded that it had no choice but to award custody to him. Id. (quotations
omitted). The Vermont Supreme Court rejected such reasoning. Id. at 472. As
the court stated:
Although obviously well intended, the court’s decision effectively
condoned a parent’s willful alienation of a child from the other
parent. Its ruling sends the unacceptable message that others
might, with impunity, engage in similar misconduct. Left
undisturbed, the court’s decision would nullify the principle that
the best interests of the child are furthered through a healthy and
loving relationship with both parents.
Id.; see Mack-Manley, 138 P.3d at 528 (trial court found children’s best
interests not served by ignoring mother’s unsubstantiated child abuse and
neglect allegations); Young, 628 N.Y.S.2d at 963 (trial court’s decision
noticeably silent as to mother’s false allegations and it was clear the court failed
to consider evidence that mother willfully interfered with father’s relationship
with the children).
Dr. Ward’s report, characterized by the master as “thorough and
extraordinarily perceptive,” contains several conclusions particularly relevant to
Todd’s inability to foster a positive relationship with Miller and to support the
children’s contact with him. These include her conclusions that Todd caused
Laurel to believe that she has been sexually abused by her father, that it is
likely that Todd influenced her children with her negative beliefs and did not
protect the children from her feelings, that Todd’s parents have “wholly and
adamantly” accepted that Miller is a pervasive negative influence on the
children, and that Todd’s mother is active in helping her daughter prove that
Miller sexually abused the children.
14
We conclude that the award of parental rights and responsibilities must
be vacated and the case remanded for reconsideration in light of this opinion.
On remand, the trial court must consider the factors set forth in RSA 461-A:6,
I(e)-(g) in determining the children’s best interests in this case. Also, the court
should consider the applicability of the recent amendment to RSA 461-A:6, IV
(Supp. 2010). It is within the trial court’s discretion to take into consideration
any additional circumstances that may have occurred while this appeal was
pending.
The second issue Miller raises on appeal is whether the trial court erred
in not providing him a timely opportunity to view videotaped interviews
conducted by the Child Advocacy Center in Portsmouth with his daughter
Laurel. However, Miller’s attorney conceded at oral argument that this issue is
moot. Accordingly, we need not address it further.
The final issue raised is whether Supreme Court Rule 3 is
unconstitutional because it provides differing treatment to married and
unmarried parents with respect to issues involving children.
Supreme Court Rule 3 provides in part:
“Mandatory appeal”: A mandatory appeal shall be accepted by the
supreme court for review on the merits. A mandatory appeal is an
appeal filed by the State pursuant to RSA 606:10, or an appeal
from a final decision on the merits issued by a superior court,
district court, probate court, or family division court, that is in
compliance with these rules. Provided, however, that the following
appeals are NOT mandatory appeals:
. . .
(9) an appeal from a final decision on the merits issued in, or
arising out of, a domestic relations matter filed under RSA Title
XLIII (RSA chapters 457 to 461-A); provided, however, that an
appeal from a final divorce decree or decree of legal separation
shall be a mandatory appeal.
Having exercised our discretion and accepted this appeal, we hold that
the question concerning the constitutionality of Rule 3 as applied to this case is
moot. Any consideration regarding amending Rule 3 should be accomplished in
accordance with the rule-making procedures set forth in Supreme Court Rule
51, thereby providing the public, the bench and the bar an opportunity to offer
comments and suggestions.
Vacated and remanded.
DALIANIS, C.J., and DUGGAN and CONBOY, JJ., concurred.
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